By J. H. Macek (auth.), Raúl A. Baragiola (eds.)
This booklet collects the papers offered on the NATO complicated examine Workshop on "Ionization of Solids via Heavy Particles", held in Giardini-Naxos (Taormina), Italy, on June 1 -5, 1992. The assembly was once the 1st to collect scientists to debate the physics of electron emission and different ionization results happening in the course of the interplay of heavy debris with condensed topic. The crucial challenge within the box is the way to use observations of electron emission and ultimate radiation harm to appreciate what occurs contained in the stable, like excitation mechanisms, the propagation of the digital excitation alongside varied pathways, and floor results. The ARW all started with a short survey of the sector, stressing the unknowns. It used to be mentioned that ionization theories can simply handle the very specific case of vulnerable perturbations. For this challenge, this intended excessive velocity, low-charged projectiles (a perturbation remedy of interactions with gradual, hugely charged ions was once later presented). merely semi-empirical types exist for velocities less than the Fermi speed within the reliable, which are used to foretell kinetic electron emission yields. those types, notwithstanding, don't deal with the elemental questions on the mechanisms for electron excitation, delivery and break out during the floor layer.
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Example text
This equation can be used also in the case of ion impact. In a planar 31 geometry we may write v(E) cosCt aN(x'E 0) - v(E) " =S(x E 'E O)--N(xE 0) ax ' 0" leE) " (5) +j j dE'dO'W"(E,O;E',O')N(x;E',O') The excitation function S(x,Eo;E,O) expresses the number of electrons in the state The second term on the right hand side denotes the number of electrons removed from the state 1 by elastic and inelastic collisions. The third term denotes the number of electrons enteri~ th~ state k by collisions. This number is determined by the transition function WU (E, {1;E', Q').
0 Calc. 4 \ \ \ \ Exp. 5 \. "- "- ..... Calc. [keV]- o 2 4 6 ...... 8 10 Eo[MeV] - - - Figure 21. Impact energy dependence of the electron yield "{. Comparison of our calculations with experimental results (see fig. 1) at low (a) and high (b) impact energies Neglecting elastic scattering we obtain an angular distribution of inner electrons which shows similarities with the anisotropic behavior of the corresponding excitation function. Taking into account elastic scattering we obtain a nearly isotropic distribution.
In fig. 9 we have plotted the upper boundary Em for the excitation of single conduction electrons by different ions as a function of the impact energy. With increasing ion mass the upper boundary decreases for a given Eo' In fig. 10 an energy momentum diagram is shown which contains besides the elementary excitations of the free electron gas (fig. 4) some curves for the maximum Isoo ;> H+ ~400 rJ 300 H2+ 200 He+ 100 o 50 100 150 200 EQ[keV]- Figure 9. Upper boundary for the excitation energy of single conduction electrons as a function of impact energy for different ions 44 energy transfer of the ion (H+ in our case) A.
