By A.N. Lagarkov, I.M. Rutkevich
In the years because the ebook of Lozanskii and Firsov "The conception of Spark" [1975] was once released, a couple of experimental and theoretical reports within the physics of electrical breakdown in gases have been carried out. due to those reviews, the idea that of a wavelike nature of breakdown initiated through unmarried high-voltage electrical pulses or via a continuing electrical box was once proven. Theoretical types within which the concept that of breakdown in a continuing exterior box was once constructed have been first uncovered within the above-named ebook within the bankruptcy "Development of a streamer considered as an ionization wave," written by means of Rodin and Starostin. This ebook treats the preliminary degree of electrical breakdown as a wave professional cess. The wavelike nature of the phenomena into consideration is pre sented for streamers and sliding discharges, for electrical breakdown increase ment in lengthy discharge tubes in addition to in gas-filled gaps. bankruptcy 1 offers a qualitative attention of phenomena determin ing the electrical breakdown of gases. The experimental facts and theoretical effects are uncovered and mentioned with program to streamers, aircraft ion ization waves, breakdown waves in lengthy tubes, and propagation of sliding discharges. the topic of this bankruptcy will be regarded as a space of functions of alternative theoretical types, formulation, and estimates which are awarded in different chapters of the book.
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0 time (ns) Fig. 9. Evolutions of the longitudinal velocity of streamers in the SF6 - N2 mixture (Wu and Kunhardt [1988]). 45 x 10 19 cm- 3 , 30%SF6 -70%N 2 • head and the electrode without the formation of an ionizing wave. " Therefore, mathematical models are presently available that well describe the experimental data on the avalanche development, its transition to streamer, and further propagation of the latter. A number of phenomena, however, are still waiting for their sufficiently detailed theoretical interpretation.
40) describes the elastic losses of energy; the second term and the terms Vj€j are responsible for ionization and electronic excitation, respectively. Here, Vj is the effective frequency for excitation to the jth level; €j is the atomic energy for the jth level measured relative to the ground-state energy. 39) may be obtained. For applicability of Eq. 40) to a nonuniform and nonstationary plasma with ( ~ (e, the following inequalities should be satisfied: 48 Chapter 2. 41 ) Here, t* is the characteristic time of the electron temperature variation within the ionization wave, l* '" V t* is the characteristic spatial scale of the wave, and V is the wave velocity.
In experimental analytical and numerical calculations of ionization waves, two main trends have been formed at the present time. 26) with the use of the Maxwell distribution fo (Munt, Ong, and Turcotte [1969]; Albright and Tidman [1972]; Fowler [1974,1976]; Fowler and Shelton [1974]; Sanmann and Fowler [1975]; Abbas and Bayle [1981]). In these papers, the equation of state Pe = nekTe is assumed and the quantities n e , V e , Te, ni, and E are determined from the closed system of Eqs. 9). At the same time, all of the kinetic and transport coefficients for the gas of electrons are taken as known functions of Te, n e , and na' The calculation of the electron velocity Ve is made either 1.
