By H. Rahn, G. C. Whittow (auth.), G. Causey Whittow, Hermann Rahn (eds.)
"Seabird Energetics" is a composite quantity with a coherent subject matter. It makes a helpful contribution to our realizing of the prices of breeding, the importance of which fits some distance past body structure as a quick old viewpoint may well illustrate. After a long time of commonly anecdotal observations by means of natu ralists with an curiosity in seabirds, there has been nonetheless so little details that during 1954, David Lack in his publication "The ordinary Regulatiori of Animal Numbers" used to be compelled to disregard seabirds in a fashion that will be unthinkable at the present time. The overdue fifties, despite the fact that, produced a seminal contribution to seabird ecology and behavior within the sequence of papers which stemmed from the Centenary Expedi tion of the British Ornithologists' Union to Ascension Island. not just had quantitative ecology develop into the norm however the curiosity aroused by means of the ecu Ethological method of fowl behaviour had ended in thoroughly descriptive and analytical stories of seabird behaviour. The complicated interactions among social behaviour and ecology then acquired extra recognition and the sixties and seventies introduced a flood of papers on ecology and on a few social points of breeding ecology. V.C. Wynne-Edwards associated those as a part of his try and comprehend the mechanism of the legislation of animal populations in his e-book "Animal Dispersion in terms of Social Behaviour" (1962). He paid substantial consciousness to seabirds and the phenomena of snatch and brood-size, deferred breeding, "rest" years, etc., even though, regrettably, the main appropriate stories have been but to come.
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Ricklefs, R. , White, S. , 1981, Energetics of postnatal growth in Leach's Storm-Petrel, Auk, 97:566. , 1908, "Das problem der lebensdauer und seine beziehungen zu wachstum und ernahrung", Oldenburg, Munich. , 1975, "Animal Physiology: adaptation and environment", Cambridge Univ. Press, London. Scholander, P. , 1950, Adaptation to cold in arctic and tropical mammals and birds in relation to body temperature, insulation and basal metabolic rate, BioI. , 99:259. Schreiber, R. , and Ashmole, N. , 1970, Seabird breeding seasons on Christmas Island, Pacific Ocean, Ibis 112:363.
6 mm. Enlargement shows air-cell area of the shell. ORIGINS OF EGG COMPONENTS The organs that produce the egg are the ovary, which contributes the egg cell and its accompanying nutrient-rich yolk, 34 and the oviduct, which provides conditions for fertilization, protein and water in the form of albumen, and a hard shell. The times of egg-formation events vary widely among species, as shown in Figure 2. Ovulation Maturation Yolk deposition I, Preovul. +Albumen Deposition Membrane Shell ~~5~w~e~e~ks~~3~t~0-3-0-'rI3~0-m-i-n'I'I~4-h--ilir-2~h~1Irl-2-0~h-'1 to 9 years Hatching days exual maturity I Lag Yolk completion period I to 10 I rgment IIHOlding I h Ih I days Laying Figure 2.
This figure represents only part of the global food consumption of seabirds, yet it represents a volume equal to onehalf the global commercial fish catch of ca. 60 million tons a year (Kanwisher and Ridgway, 1983). It has to be borne in mind, however, that, at best, these are estimates and, moreover, that a great deal of the food consumption of seabirds comprizes species (eg. flying fish) that are not commercially valuable. GUANO It might be appropriate to conclude this introduction with a brief reference to guano - the most visible impact of seabird energetics on the human economy.
