By Donald B. Lemke
Tells the tale of ways Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built the private desktop, and their corporation, Apple computing device, Inc. Written in graphic-novel layout.
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Alexander Hamilton - download pdf or read online
From nationwide booklet Award winner Ron Chernow, a landmark biography of Alexander Hamilton, the Founding Father who galvanized, encouraged, scandalized, and formed the baby nation.
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Extra resources for Steve Jobs, Steven Wozniak, and the Personal Computer
Sample text
Interpreting an MDS space, therefore, involves data-guided speculations about the psychology of those who generated the similarity data. Testing the validity of the conclusions is left to further studies. 4 MDS as a Model of Similarity Judgments Finally, the mathematics of MDS can serve as a model of similarity judgments. The most common approach is to hypothesize that a person, when asked about the dissimilarity of pairs of objects from a set of objects, acts as if he or she computes a distance in his or her “psychological space” of these objects.
The notion of straightness, therefore, presupposes a distance measure. With different distance measures, straight lines often do not look straight at all.
If so, explain why. 3 MDS Models and Measures of Fit MDS models are defined by specifying how given similarity or dissimilarity data, the proximities pij , are mapped into distances of an m-dimensional MDS configuration X. The mapping is given by a representation function f (pij ) that specifies how the proximities should be related to the distances dij (X). In practice, one usually does not attempt to strictly satisfy f . Rather, what is sought is a configuration (in a given dimensionality) whose distances satisfy f as closely as possible.
