Lexical Acculturation in Native American Languages (Oxford by Cecil H. Brown PDF

By Cecil H. Brown

Lexical acculturation refers back to the lodging of languages to new items and ideas encountered because the results of tradition touch. This specified examine analyzes a survey of phrases for seventy seven goods of ecu tradition (e.g. chook, horse, apple, rice, scissors, cleaning soap, and Saturday) within the vocabularies of 292 Amerindian languages and dialects spoken from the Arctic Circle to Tierra del Fuego. the 1st publication ever to adopt this type of huge and systematic cross-language research, Brown's paintings presents clean insights into common strategies of lexical swap and improvement, together with these related to language universals and diffusion.

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Extra info for Lexical Acculturation in Native American Languages (Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 20)

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4, the following overt-marking expressions are most commonly found. 4. Seventy-seven items of acculturation ranked by percentage of language cases with overt marking constructions. Item Percentage *BARLEY *LEMON *GOAT *DONKEY *APRICOT CLOCK *GARLIC *PEAS *SHEEP "HORSE "ORANGE *PEACH *APPLE *MULE "WATERMELON *CAT *RICE "WHEAT "COW "BEETS *PIG THREAD BREAD SPOON WINDOW *OATS "TURNIP "GRAPES BOTTLE 70 (21/30) 65 (30/46) 59 (32/54) 56 (34/61) 53 (8/15) 50(65/131) 50 (13/26) 48 (24/50) 43 (42/98) 41 (43/105) 41 (17/42) 40(18/45) 38 (17/45) 38 (24/63) 36(18/50) 35 (14/40) 34 (24/74) 33 (22/66) 30 (28/95) 29(12/41) 28 (26/94) 28 (27/98) 27 (29/106) 26 (14/55) 26 (25/97) 24(11/46) 24 (8/33) 23 (10/43) 20(10/51) Item FORK PISTOL "ONION NEEDLE *OX SUGAR CUP TEA "BULL SCISSORS FLOUR "CHICKEN BOX "CALF SOLDIER NAIL "COLT "HEN "LETTUCE RIBBON SHOVEL WAGON "MARE SOAP TABLE "CABBAGE TOWN MATCH "ROOSTER Percentage 20 (20/98) 20(12/61) 19(10/53) 18(19/108) 18(17/96) 18(15/83) 17 (15/90) 17 (9/52) 16(18/110) 16(15/93) 15(13/89) 13 (7/55) 12(8/65) 12(15/130) 1 1 (6/55) 10 (8/80) 9 (8/92) 8(9/112) 8 (3/38) 8 (3/37) 8 (5/65) 7 (4/61) 6(5/91) 5 (5/96) 4 (4/103) 2(1/51) 2 (2/99) 1 (1/99) 1 (2/142) "Identifies living things.

Thus, in the two Gran Chaco languages, a borrowed native term for BREAD has become referentially extended to WHEAT. Borrowed native words are also found as constituents of loan blends in Amerindian languages. " Many native terms for introduced items borrowed from other Amerindian languages are not analyzed in this work (see appendix A) because they cannot be semantically etymologized in the adopting languages. For example, in the southeastern United States, Creek has donated its word for MONEY, cvto-kunawv, to neighboring Koasati.

Used by early AngloAmerican immigrants when driving ox teams (Shipley 1963:193). Utilitarian Versus Morphological Terms Native terms for items of acculturation in general may be either utilitarian or morphological (Brown 1995b). When a label literally refers to the use or function of a thing it designates, it is utilitarian: for example, Cherokee "he carries heavy things" for HORSE, and Siberian Yupik Eskimo "to write it down, something that will" for Nomenclature 39 PAPER. When not utilitarian, such names are morphological (metaphorically speaking), referring (either directly or indirectly) to some perceptual aspect(s) of a thing—its size, shape, color, texture, smell, or behavior: for example, Carrier "hair of the foreigners" for BARLEY, and Cheyenne "slender light" for CANDLE.

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