By Jean K. Chalaby (auth.)
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134). The upward trend continued well after this initial boom. ). (2) In 1855, Karl Marx thought that the 'revolution ... caused by the abolition of stamp duty' mostly concerned the provincial press (Marx and Engels, 1980, p. 281). ). Between 1837 and 1887, the number of English provincial newspapers increased more than five times, growing from 264 to 1366 (Lee, 1976, p. 291). However, London also had its revolution. In the year following the abolition several dailies were launched, such as the Daily Telegraph, the Morning News, or the Morning Star, and numerous others were started in the following decades (Bourne, 1887, pp.
The stamped newspapers, 'established' by the first three estates, 'mob, abuse, villify, and belie' to the extent that people neglect to demand their rights. The role of the stamped press is to disguise the reality of the system of oppression, that is, to present diverse fallacious arguments which purport to explain and justify the distress of the working classes. The press masked the dominant classes' robbery of a large proportion of working-class production: when the dominant classes could not consume enough of working-class produce, the press reasoned that there was no trade, that the working classes were too numerous, and that they had to emigrate.
The level of investment necessary to gain shares continuously increases, because competitors, to gain a competitive advantage over their rivals, incessantly improve their tools of production. The search for this advantage may induce producers to improve the product they offer to the consumer or to manufacture this product at a minimal cost. For this reason, the productive tasks become increasingly difficult to perform and the products delivered to the market increasingly sophisticated. After a certain period of time, the limits of a field are defined by (a) those who can sustain the necessary amount of investment to pursue the struggle and (b) those who are able to perform complex tasks and deliver sophisticated products.
