By Zellig S. Harris
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Extra info for Grammar of the Phoenician Language
Sample text
Ge'ez nabara 'he sat' and jussive y,nbar 'let him sit, may he sit'. , Central Se mitic, is slightly more complex. The inherited perfective form, in combination with a suffix *-u (originally a marker of subordina tion) came to indicate non-past, replacing the inherited non-past form (Rubin 2005). The result is that in Central Semitic there was a form of the shape *prefix + CCVC that indicated the jus sive, and a form *prefix + CCVC-u that indicated non-past. This situation is found in Classical and Modern Standard Arabic.
For Phoenician, the standard reference grammar is that of Friedrich and Rollig (1 999), though Hackett (2004) provides a nice sketch of the language. For the Canaanite of the Tell El-Amama tablets, see Rainey (1996). Aramaic: As discussed above (§1. 9), Aramaic is the cover term for a large number of languages and dialects. Among the many reference grammars focusing on the ancient dialects, we can cite just a few: Degen (1969) on Old Aramaic; Folmer (1995) and Muraoka and Porten (2003) on Imperial Aramaic; Dalman (1 905) on various Jewish dialects; Noldeke (1904) on Syriac; Miiller-Kessler (1991) on Christian Palestinian Aramaic; and Macuch (1965) on Mandaic.
3 VERBAL TENSE/ASPECT The verbal system is the area in which the languages exhibit the greatest variation, and so an overview of the entire family is impossible in a brief format such as this. Here we will limit our selves to some of the interesting developments in the realm of tense and aspect (Cohen 1984 and Kurylowicz 1973 are impor tant general works on this issue). For Proto-Semitic, suffice it to say that two basic verbal forms can be reconstructed, and it is likely that these mainly distinguished perfective and imperfec tive aspect.
