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Extra resources for Mass spectrometry : instrumentation, interpretation, and applications
Example text
Reference 21 is a comprehensive review of the use of LDI (and several other ion sources) in analysis of inorganics. There is a special case of LDI worth mentioning, desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS) [159, 160], in which analyte compounds are deposited on a surface of etched silicon. With this substrate the mass range can be extended to a few kilodaltons, allowing for analysis of, for example, small peptides without the involvement of a matrix. 22. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) was developed by Karas, Hillenkamp, and coworkers in the late 1980s [161–163].
In general, FI and FD are now replaced by more efficient ionization methods, such as MALDI and ESI. For a description of FD (and FI), see Reference 78. 14. Thermospray Ionization In 1983 thermospray ionization (TSI) was introduced by Blakley and Vestal as a means to couple LC at conventional flow rates ($1 mL/min) to mass spectrometry [79]. Contrary to earlier LC-MS methods, TSI was successful in forming gas-phase ions of nonvolatile molecules. The liquid is sprayed when emerging from a heated metal capillary and subsequently entering a low pressure chamber with heated gas.
22). The same type of analyzer choice as for EI applies for CI. 8. Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) was introduced in 1973 by Horning et al. [38, 42, 43] and coupled to GC. This is also the introduction of atmospheric pressure ionization (API) in general. The next year corona discharge was introduced for ion generation as well as successful coupling to LC [44, 45]. In APCI of a liquid, a pneumatic nebulizer induces the flow of liquid to form a spray at atmospheric pressure.
