By John Street (auth.)
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For Bell, the emergence of new technology, based on the application of science to knowledge and information, creates a new elite who are to take responsibility for the emerging political order. Bell summarises his main argument as follows: The rise of the new elites based on skill derived from the simple fact that knowledge and planning - military planning, economic planning, social planning - have become the basic requisites for all organised action in a modern society. The members of this new technocratic elite, with their new techniques of decisionmaking (systems analysis, linear programming, and program budgeting), have now become essential to the formation and analysis of decisions on which political judgements have to be made if not to the wielding of power (Bell, 1973, p.
For Hughes, the appropriate analogy for technically-influenced change is 'momentum': 'Momentum does not contradict the doctrine of social construction of technology, and it does not support the erroneous belief in technological determinism. The metaphor encompasses both structural factors and contingent events' (Hughes, 1987, pp. 79-80). The political impact of technology is not just a matter of the structure of the political process. , p. 2), 'electric power systems, like so much other technology, are both causes and effects of social change'.
At one extreme is involvement inspired by the desire for kudos; the political elite seeking to associate itself with a technological breakthrough to which it may have contributed virtually nothing, but through which it hopes to enhance its political image (scientists and technology sometimes appear on stamps and banknotes). The relationship is like that between a parasite and its host. The corollary of such involvement is the desire to avoid association with a technological failure - whether or not there has been any previous state involvement.
