By James R. Ligas (auth.), Mary A. Farrell Epstein, James R. Ligas (eds.)
This complaints quantity brings jointly the invited papers from the respiration Biomechanics Symposium of the 1st international Congress of Biomechanics held in los angeles Jolla, California from August 3D-September four, 1990. The breathing method bargains many possibilities to use the various branches of conventional mechanics. Tissue defonnations and stresses in the course of lung growth should be analyzed utilizing the rules of stable mechanics. Fluid mechanical difficulties within the lung are distinctive. there's the matched distribution of 2 fluids, gasoline and blood, in fantastically intertwined, branched conduit structures. The reversing movement of the fuel part provides various difficulties than the pulsatile move of the non-Newtonian fluid that's the blood. at the smaller scale, there's the flux of fluids and solutes around the capillary membrane. eventually, there's the matter of coupling fluid and sturdy mechanics to appreciate the general habit of the breathing procedure. during this symposium, we now have selected to deal with the fundamental strategies that give a contribution to the fuel and fluid trade features of the lung. part 1, Lung Tissue Mechanics, offers an historic history and, then, provides newer paintings at the constitution of the lung parenchyma, the mechanics of the tissue, and the results of the bounding membrane, the visceral pleura.
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Extra resources for Respiratory Biomechanics: Engineering Analysis of Structure and Function
Example text
However on a scale that encompasses several alveoli, the macroscopic properties of lung parenchyma can be defined in terms of average stesses and average strains. On this scale the lung parenchyma is fairly homogeneous and isotropic (1). For small quasistatic deformations, the lung parenchyma is assumed to behave elastically. However, the lung is known to exhibit both viscous and plastic properties. The lung also undergoes changes in volume that are outside the range of linear elasticity. For large changes in volume, the inelastic behavior of the lung is accenblated.
One technical objection to this comparison is that the pleural sack, stripped free of the underlying parenchyma, need not maintain the same shape as it has when attached to the lung tissue. But a more serious objection to this comparison is that one must know the exact structural relationship between the pleural membrane and the outermost alveoli to assess the effects of the pleura on underlying parenchymal expansion [4]. Two of many possible structures are shown in Figure 4. With the first structure, the pleural tension does not affect lung expansion.
Y Cauchy stress vs. stretch ratio for both axes. Data are from three loading uniform stretch tests . From [7]. FIGURE 3 47 Implications for lung mechanics: In the larger picture, however, what most interests mechanicists is the effect of the pleura on the expansion of the underlying lung parenchyma. To assess this influence, Nagao [9] compared the pressure-volume relationship of an excised canine lobe to that of the pleural sack made by stripping the pleura free of the underlying lung tissue. During deflation, at equivalent volumes the pressures required to inflate the pleural sack were much less than those required to inflate the intact lobe until volume was reduced to approximately 50% of total lung capacity.
