By Michel Wieviorka
During this important addition to the sociological literature on racism, Michel Wieviorka provides a close and revisionary research of the vocabulary of racism (prejudice, discrimination, segregation and violence), arguing that racism isn't really reducible to those ordinary kinds. He indicates how the studies of institutionalized racism in the USA and anti-Semitism in Europe will be analyzed to supply an figuring out of the complicated transition from race to racism. As cultural identities are extra fragmented in our societies, because the social family outlined by way of commercial capitalism are in decline, so too are principles of development and universality. it's during this context of postmodern social and financial flux that Wieviorka places ahead a
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From that point on, deeply serious works described theallegedly above-averagecriminality of the newcomers and developed the idea that recent immigrants, and candidates for immigration, were characterized by racial differences which made it difficult and, in reality, undesirable, to assimilate them. 32 Thus, for example, at least until 1910, one finds in the American Journal of Sociology articles by Galton, a translation of the introductory chapter of Vacher de Lapouge's work, L'Aryen, and several articles by American authors directly inspired by their European counterparts.
The present upsurge in racism, both in France and in other European societies, is not dissociable from a significant social mutation. Only yesterday, the 'social question' was predominant, that question being shaped by struggles conducted, directly or indirectly, in the name of the labour movement. Only yesterday, the existence of cultural or religious particularisms seemed subordinate to universal values, to a single conception of progress, to states more or less capable of speaking simultaneously the language of modernity and that of the nation, capable also of integrating foreigners and of assimilating them in the short or long term.
B. 3 Reflecting to a greater or lesser extent the influence of Darwinism and the arguments of Ludwig Gumplowicz and Gustav Ratzenhofer, a style of thinking in terms of 'race struggle' had also gained adherents and, when such thinking rid itself of racism and any notion of the biological superiority of one race over another, it informed the analysis of conflict Page 12 between human groups, as, for example, in the work of Lester F. Ward. 4 Lastly, another notion began to be widely used in the description of segregation: that of caste.
