By Brigitte Studer (auth.)
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Additional info for The Transnational World of the Cominternians
Sample text
In 1937, for example, the German writer Lion Feuchtwanger reported on his visit to the USSR, the ‘fatherland of socialism’. 1 It was the expansion of professional, intellectual and cultural opportunities open to women that was for Feuchtwanger the true measure of the progress made by Soviet society. 2 For the communist parties, especially 40 The New Woman 41 those of the industrialized countries of Western Europe, this scheme both structured perceptions of the Soviet Union and functioned as an image of the communist future for capitalist countries.
Though varying from country to country, the communist parties early attracted a relatively large number of women activists and set up women’s departments led by women, as exemplified in Britain by Helen Crawford. At the Comintern, only about four per cent of the leadership were female,8 but a few women did rise to the top: Angelica Balabanova, from the Zimmerwald Left (1919), the German Clara Zetkin (1920–1933), then, during the Popular Front period, the motherly figure of Dolores Ibárruri and, during the war, Maria Krylova.
And in 1930s Stalinism this found expression in a scheme of ‘friend or foe’, while the boundaries between inside and outside became unclear. Rules of confidentiality mean nothing if their implementation is not policed, and for this one needs an administrative apparatus. The Comintern was a bureaucratic apparatus, even if a chaotic one,47 as Hugo Eberlein lamented as early as 1922, as he contemplated its first reorganization. 48 An effort repeated in another reorganization in 1929, and again in 1936.
